ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the potential for the reduction of sampling effort in studies of ephemeropteran nymphs in Brazilian Amazon streams, Pará State, Brazil, without the loss of ecological information (species composition, abundance, and richness), and the congruence of different levels of taxonomic resolution (morphospecies, genus, family and functional group). Test groups of 15, 10 and five subsamples were selected from the 20 subsamples collected per stream (40 streams sampled), and were compared in terms of their species richness and abundance (ANOVA), and composition (Procrustes). Taxonomic resolution was also analyzed in Procrustes. Species abundance (F(3, 156) = 25.426; p < 0.001) and richness (F(3, 156) = 13.866, p < 0.001) varied significantly among sample groups, while the results of the 15-S group were statistically similar, in both cases, to those of the 20-S group. A similar pattern was found for species composition. The genus-level taxonomic resolution produced results 99% similar to those found for the species-level data. The results indicate that the reduction in sampling effort from 20 to 15 subsamples per site and a genus-level taxonomic resolution would not affect the reliability of analyses significantly. A reduction of five samples per site would result in a decrease of effort in the field and the amount of material to be processed, reducing laboratory time. In addition to a reduction in the time and resources needed to identify specimens, the adoption of a genus-level taxonomic resolution could help minimize errors of under- or over-estimation in the processing of the results.
RESUMO O presente estudo avaliou o potencial para redução do esforço amostral em estudos com ninfas de Ephemeroptera em igarapés amazônicos, no estado do Pará, Brasil, sem perder informações ecológicas (composição de espécies, abundância e riqueza), além de verificar se existe congruência entre diferentes níveis de resolução taxonômica (morfoespécie, gênero, família e grupo funcional). Grupos reduzidos de 15, 10 e cinco subamostras de um controle de 20 amostras de cada um dos 40 igarapés amostrados, foram comparados quanto a riqueza de táxons e abundância (ANOVA) e composição (Procrustes). A resolução taxonômica também foi avaliada através do Procrustes. A abundância (F(3, 156) = 25,426; p < 0,001) e riqueza (F(3, 156) = 13,866, p < 0,001) variaram significativamente entre os grupos de amostras, porém, os resultados tanto de riqueza quanto de abundância dos grupos 15-S foram estatisticamente similares aos de 20-S. O mesmo padrão foi encontrado para riqueza de espécies. A resolução taxonômica a nível de gênero obteve 99% de congruência com a de morfoespécie. Esses resultados indicam que a diminuição de 20 subamostras para 15, e a redução da identificação de morfoespécie para gênero não afetaria a significância das análises. A redução de cinco amostras por local de coleta poderia resultar em uma diminuição do esforço em campo e do material para ser processado em laboratório, reduzindo o tempo de triagem e identificação. Ainda, para reduzir tempo e recursos financeiros gastos para coleta e identificação dos organismos, a identificação apenas a nível genérico poderia minimizar erros de sub ou super estimativa no processamento dos resultados.
Subject(s)
Environmental Monitoring , ClassificationABSTRACT
ABSTRACTThis study reviewed the data on the Brazilian Ephemeroptera, based on the studies published before July, 2013, estimated the number of species still to be described, and identified which regions of the country have been the subject of least research. More than half the species are known from the description of only one developmental stage, with imagoes being described more frequently than nymphs. The Brazilian Northeast is the region with the weakest database. Body size affected description rates, with a strong tendency for the larger species to be described first. The estimated number of unknown Brazilian species was accentuated by the fact that so few species have been described so far. The steep slope of the asymptote and the considerable confidence interval of the estimate reinforce the conclusion that a large number of species are still to be described. This emphasizes the need for investments in the training of specialists in systematics and ecology for all regions of Brazil to correct these deficiencies, given the role of published papers as a primary source of information, and the fundamental importance of taxonomic knowledge for the development of effective measures for the conservation of ephemeropteran and the aquatic ecosystems they depend on.